Maharaj Kaul translates and discusses Mirza Ghalib’s (1797 – 1869)
most popular and famous shers:
Ghalib Sher 20:
go hāth ko junbish nahīñ āñkhoñ meñ to dam hai
rahne do abhī sāġhar-o-mīnā mire āge
Translation:
although there is no movement in the hand but eyes have power
let the wine glass and flagon remain before me
Discussion:
Due to old age or dissipation of passion the body feels weak, but
still the eyes have power. It is not all over yet. So, let the wine glass
and the flagon (a large container of wine, which has a handle and
a spout) stay on. Man’s life is dependent on the vigor of body, but
beyond that the mind still exerts power over his existence.
Ghalib Sher 19:
bāzīchah-e at̤fāl hai dunyā mire āge
hotā hai shab-o-roz tamāshā mire āge
Translation:
a game of children the world is before me
happens night and day a spectacle in front of me
Discussion:
Ghalib sees the world as games that children play. The spectacle goes on day and night. He does not think much of it, he is unaffected by it. This means that he has an inner life that he lives for and by it. His division of his internal and the external lives is strong. This is clearly different from run of the world people.
Ghalib Sher 18:
ham ne mānā kih taġhāful nah karoge lekin
ḳhāk ho jāʾeñge ham tum ko ḳhabar hote tak
Translation:
I concede that you won’t show negligence but
dust I will become by the time the news reaches you
Discussion:
The lover has come to concede that his beloved will not be negligent in taking care of him when he is in some dire condition, but the problem is that she may have gone so far away or is in some difficult situation such that his bad news may not reach her in time. So, this is the dark cloud hanging over the lover’s head.
Ghalib Sher 17:
ham ko un se vafā kī hai ummīd
jo nahīñ jānte vafā kyā hai
Translation:
we have hope for faithfulness from the one
who doesn’t know what faithfulness is
Discussion:
Ghalib says that the irony is that we are expecting faithfulness from a beloved who does not know what faithfulness means. It could be that she is so young yet to know what it is, or that she is old enough to know what it is, but does not think it is required of her. That is faithfulness is not a requisite in love. On one hand the lover is going in the full fever of love with all its trappings, but on the other hand the beloved does not seem to care for faithfulness.
Ghalib Sher 16:
ishq mujh ko nahīñ vaḥshat hī sahī
merī vaḥshat tirī shuhrat hī sahī
Translation:
love it may not be let it be madness
my madness your fame let it be
Discussion:
Ghalib tells his beloved that let it be his madness as she feels his love is. But his madness has imparted a fame of specialness on her. In other words, even though she thinks his passion for her is madness, but nevertheless it has cast her as a special person in society.
Ghalib Sher 15:
yih nah thī hamārī qismat kih viṣāl-e yār hotā
agar aur jīte rahte yihī intiz̤ār hotā
Translation:
this was not our destiny that union with the beloved would take place
if we had kept on living there would have been the same waiting
Discussion:
Ghalib laments that it has not been his luck to have had a union with his beloved. Also, he has come to the realization that had he and his beloved waited longer, the union between them would still not materialize. This is so because it is their destiny.
Ghalib Sher 14:
ishq se t̤abīʿat ne zīst kā mazā pāyā
dard kī davā pāʾī dard-e be-davā pāyā
Translation:
through passion the being found the relish of life
found cure for a pain found an incurable pain
Discussion:
Ghalib says that by means of passion a human being can make life enjoyable, but that passion is not easy to cultivate and hold on to, because of the problems associated with it. So, while the enjoyment in life is cultivatable, but the fuel to support it is problematic.
Ghalib Sher 13:
muḥabbat meñ nahīñ hai farq jīne aur marne kā
usī ko dekh kar jīte haiñ jis kāfir pah dam nikle
Translation:
in love there is no difference between living and dying
seeing her we live the infidel who would make us die
Discussion:
Ghalib says that in love one lives as well as dies, as it is a challenging experience that involves a relationship with another person. Depending on her state of mind one’s feelings can swing from living to dying.
Ghalib Sher 12:
baskih dushvār hai har kām kā āsāñ honā
dmī ko bhī muyassar nahīñ insāñ honā
Translation:
it is difficult for every task to be easy
even for man it is not easy to be human
Discussion:
It is difficult for every human task to be easy. For man also to be human is not easy. Man is the physical aspect of the human race, being human is his qualities of love, sacrifice, compassion, etc.
Ghalib Sher 11:
nah thā kuchh to ḳhudā thā kuchh nah hotā to ḳhudā hotā
ḍuboyā mujh ko hone ne nah hotā maiñ to kyā hotā
Translation:
when there was nothing there was God if nothing happened God would be created
I was drowned by my existence if I didn’t exist what would happen
Discussion:
It is a deeply philosophical sher by Ghalib. He says that when there was nothing in the universe, there still existed God; and if nothing was going on in the universe, the phenomenon of God would still be occurring. Ghalib says that his existence has ruined him. Because if he had not existed, he would be a part of God, a superior situation than his human situation.
Ghalib Sher 10:
hazāroñ ḳhvāhisheñ aisī kih har ḳhvāhish pah dam nikle
bahut nikle mire armān lekin phir bhī kam nikle
Translation:
all the thousands of longings are such that over every longing I would die
many of my wishes were fulfilled but still few were fulfilled
Discussion:
Ghalib says there are thousands of desires in life such that, for each of them one would sacrifice his life. Many of his desires were fulfilled, but still they turned out to be few.
Ghalib Sher 9:
koʾī vīrānī-sī vīrānī hai
dasht ko dekh ke ghar yād āyā
Translation:
it is a desolation like desolation
seeing the desert home came to mind
Discussion:
This is a famous sher known for its vast ambiguity. Is Ghalib reminded of his home seeing the desolation of the desert? Or is he longing to be at his home, seeing the desolation of the desert? Or, is he in a state of the mood of desolation; then, seeing the desert he is reminded of his home, as a state of relief. We cannot understand what Ghalib had in his mind writing this couplet.
Ghalib Sher 8:
koʾī mere dil se pūchhe tire tīr-e nīm-kash ko
yih ḳhalish kahāñ se hotī jo jigar ke pār hotā
Translation:
let someone ask my heart about your half-drawn arrow
where would this romantic pain have been if it had gone through beyond the liver
Discussion:
The half-drawn arrow thrown by Ghalib’s beloved at him, whether by amateurishness or by design, has produced a beautiful pain in him. On the other hand, had it been thrown fully by her, he would have been dead, but without any pain. This pain is what produces the feeling of love. So, he is better off in pain than being dead.
Ghalib Sher 7:
ġham-e hastī kā asad kis se ho juz marg ʿilāj
shamʿa har rang meñ jaltī hai saḥar hote tak
Translation:
for the grief of life Asad what would be the cure except death
the candle in every color burns until the coming of dawn
Discussion:
Ghalib asks what is the cure of the unavoidable grief of life. He answers his question by saying it is death. He laments further that life is like a candle, which keeps on burning all night till dawn. Then when its wax runs out it extinguishes. When the flame of life is burning it can encompass everything imaginable. This is the inherent tragedy of human life. The second line of the sher is awesome, as it tells that while alive a man can be an element in all the possibilities. That is, the scope of human life is great; man’s consciousness can take him anywhere.
Notes:
Asad is the middle name of Ghalib. His full name was Assad Ullah Khan Ghalib.
Ghalib Sher 6:
āh ko chāhiye ik ʿumr aṡar hote tak
kaun jītā hai tirī zulf ke sar hote tak
Translation:
a sigh needs a lifetime until the appearance of an effect
who lives until the subduing of your curls
Discussion:
It is among the most famous as well as popular shers of Ghalib. Most of its translations into English have been marred by the translation of the second line of the sher. They have been given to the effect: ” who will live until she deigns to pay attention to her lover.” The word “sar” means subduing or disentangling or softening. So, “zulf ke sar hote tak” means ” until the hair curls are disentangled, subdued, or softened.”
Ghalib says that his sighs for his beloved will need a lifetime to be effective, as it is the nature of human life. But while he is waiting miserably, his beloved does not pay any attention to him, as she is busy disentangling the curls of her hair. This is the utterly painful contrast between the two.
Ghalib Sher 5:
ham ko ma.alūm hai jannat kī haqīqat lekin
dil ke ḳhush rakhne ko ‘ġhālib’ ye ḳhayāl achchhā hai
Translation:
we know the reality of paradise but
to keep the heart happy Ghalib this idea is good
Discussion:
This is one of Ghalib’s famous shers. It says that we know what paradise is actually, an illusion; but to keep oneself happy and distracted this idea is good.
Ghalib Sher 4:
merī qismat meñ ġham gar itnā thā
dil bhī yā-rab ka.ī diye hote
Translation:
in my fate if so much sorrow was ordained
hearts Oh God many should I have been given
Ghalib Sher 3:
dil hī to hai na sañg-o-ḳhisht dard se bhar na aa.e kyuuñ
ro.eñge ham hazār baar koī hameñ satā.e kyuuñ
Translation:
it’s just a heart no stony shard why shouldn’t it fill with pain
I will cry a thousand times why should someone complain
Ghalib Sher 2:
ishq par zor nahīñ hai ye vo ātish ‘ġhālib’
ki lagā.e na lage aur bujhā.e na bane
Translation:
love we do not have power over it is that flame Ghalib
it may not ignite when we ignite it nor it may extinguish when we try
Ghalib Sher 1:
ishrat-e-qatra hai dariyā meñ fanā ho jaanā
dard kā had se guzarnā hai davā ho jaanā
Translation:
the desire of a drop is to obliterate itself in a river
pain growing beyond limit becomes its own cure
Discussion:
Ghalib says that the ecstasy of a drop of water is to lose its little identity by merging with the much larger expanse of a river, thereby enriching its existence vastly. Let us say there is a man who lives in a small village, where he leads an ordinary life. Then he decides to migrate to a large metropolis as he feels he is not living fully. Though by moving to the metropolis he loses his identity but he vastly gains in the scope of his profession and culture. It is this expansion of mind what Ghalib is referring to.
The second line says that when a human being suffers very much due to something, the suffering elevates his fortitude to tolerate it. Great suffering challenges the human spirit, giving birth to a high threshold of forbearance in him.
Suffern, N.Y., April, 2024
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maharaj.kaul@yahoo.com
